Design of the “Social Worldviews and Attitudes Regarding Health: Sociocultural Health Code” Study

Introduction

Cultural attitudes of the general population, along with individual social, professional, ethnic, and cultural groups, regarding health and various medical practices largely control the effectiveness of actions by government and public organizations aimed at reducing behavioral risk factors. Consequently, these attitudes affect the overall health of the population. To investigate sociocultural attitudes regarding health in the population, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine the is currently developing a new theoretical and methodological approach represented by the sociocultural health code (SHC) [1, 2]. This approach aims not only to explain attitudes of people toward health and their corresponding behavior in various sociocultural contexts but also to propose cultural and political technologies and mechanisms for correcting attitudes and behaviors that increase health risks [3-5]. This approach is intended to complement methods and approaches existing in medical sociology and medical anthropology.

In this article, we describe the design for the “Social Worldviews and Attitudes Regarding Health: Sociocultural Health Code” study (SHC study).

Description of the “Social Worldviews and Attitudes Regarding Health: Sociocultural Health Code” study

Objectives

The SHC study pursues the following primary objectives: (1) to determine the strength of correlation between respondents’ level of responsibility and self-organization regarding their health and their social characteristics; (2) to evaluate the relationship between respondents’ health competency levels and their social characteristics; (3) to assess the influence of people from their social circle and their information space on their behavior and attitudes toward health-related issues; (4) to identify the role of reliance on sociopolitical institutions (including the healthcare system and relevant agencies and specialists) and other citizens in shaping attitudes toward health and related behavior, as well as civic stance in general; and (5) to develop a classification of stable combinations of social worldviews and determine their prevalence depending on the social characteristics of survey participants.

Developers

The National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine (NMRC TPM), Moscow, Russia, developed the SHC study design and centralized data analysis. The SHC study was initiated in 2025 by researchers at NMRC TPM. Ongoing support for the SHC study is provided by staff of this research institution.

Participation

Data collection is expected on the basis of educational institutions in various regions of the Russian Federation and a number of other countries by contacting the heads of institutions with a request for assistance in conducting this study.

Participation in the SHC study is voluntary and free of charge. Any university or other educational institution can participate in the SHC study by submitting a request to the SHC study technical support service. Beginning in March 2025, NMRC TPM invited 19 centers to participate, and as of May 2025, 18 universities and one community college from 15 regions of Russia participated in the SHC study (Table 1).

Table 1. Institutions participating in the study

The institutions participating in the SHC study are located in all federal districts of the Russian Federation, with two to four centers per federal district. These regions are culturally and socioeconomically diverse; hence, the study results will be presented for each region separately.

In the future, more institutions are planned to participate in the SHC study.

Design of the SHC study

The SHC study is designed as a cross-sectional web-based study operating online. The basis of the study is an original questionnaire posted online, which is the most suitable method for conducting the survey. Anketolog.ru is the most convenient internet resource, and it was used for the survey at the institutions listed in Table 1.

The questionnaire structure is presented in detail in the Questionnaire content section. The web forms are interactive. Each completed questionnaire has a unique identification number stored in the database.

Access to the online survey is available to all individuals via the provided active link or QR code. The survey will be conducted at each institution for 2-3 months. The study is anonymous.

Study participants

The priority was to conduct a survey among young people (aged 15-35 years) within the federal districts of the Russian Federation. The primary focus was on young people under 25 years of age, studying at various educational institutions. This age group is characterized by the ongoing development of value orientations that will shape their future health-related life choices, thereby providing better opportunities to adjust these choices than in older generations.

The study, which was conducted from March through May 2025, received 4,036 responses to the Russian-language questionnaire and 201 responses to the English-language questionnaire. Participants included not only Russian citizens but also international students studying at Russian higher education institutions. The current survey geography is presented in Table 1.

Questionnaire content

Data collection was based on the original questionnaire, Social Worldviews and Attitudes Regarding Health: Sociocultural Health Code, in both English and Russian (Appendices 1 and 2). The questions in the main part of the questionnaire are grouped into thematic sections according to the components of SHC, but the corresponding subheadings have been removed from the questionnaire to avoid distracting respondents.

Responsibility, self-organization, and attitudes toward health care

The first set of questions addresses respondents’ general attitudes toward healthcare and their subjective assessment of their own responsibility.

The opening question of the questionnaire is as follows: “Are you concerned about your current health and its future condition? “. The respondent can answer affirmatively or negatively, but with proper clarification. A negative response may indicate that health is not a matter of personal concern or that it is too early to think about it. Affirmative response options offer more detail, beginning with clarifications about the degree of concern in the presence or absence of current health problems (the respective options include I just think about it, but I have no health problems; I worry about it, even though I have no health problems; I worry about it because I already have illnesses) and continuing with clarifications about possible prospects when the topic of health might become relevant for the respondent (In the next few years, In 5-10 years, In 10-20 years, In old age). The question allows for three response options or less.

The second question assesses respondents’ attitudes toward the assertion that health is predetermined or determined by external circumstances, rendering any effort to maintain it pointless. Three response options presume the respondent’s point of view that health is predetermined, with clarifications on the religious nature of such predeterminedness, belief in the fate of a non-religious person, and conviction in the prevailing influence of natural and biological factors (ecology, climate, and heredity). The fourth response option suggests partial agreement, stating that much depends on the individual. The final response option suggests the respondent’s refusal to agree with the assertion that a person’s health is predetermined because it largely depends on his or her own actions to maintain it.

Another important issue in attitudes of people toward health is their willingness to neglect it or create high health risks in order to look beautiful, fashionable, or attractive. In answering the corresponding question (3), respondents are supposed to indicate acceptable (even if they carry potential health risks) ways to look beautiful and attractive in the eyes of others, and to follow fashion trends. Respondents are offered a wide range of answers concerning clothing, footwear, and other appearance-related attributes (wearing clothes inappropriate for the season, wearing tight shoes or high heels, wearing clothing that exposes the lower back, carrying large bags that create uneven weight distribution); heavy makeup; various weight- and appearance-altering practices (dieting for rapid weight loss, excessive exercise for rapid muscle gain); invasive and surgical interventions such as plastic surgery, various injections (Botox, mesotherapy), biorevitalization, and certain types of lasers; tattoos, and unhealthy habits motivated by the desire to improve one’s look. Respondents may select multiple responses.

Respondents are also asked to answer question (4) regarding whether they would be able to change their attitude toward their health if behavioral risks arise, if this not only creates inconvenience or problems for them but also negatively affects their loved ones. The response options include one negative answer (when respondents are unable to change their attitude toward their health at all) and affirmative responses, specifying how respondents could change their attitude and corresponding behavior: breaking bad habits; changing diet, sleep patterns and daily routine; changing attitude toward physical activity; avoiding activities (including employment) associated with high levels of stress; and adhering to safety rules at work, leisure, and at home. This question allows for multiple responses.

Health literacy assessment

The next set of questions asks respondents to assess their level of knowledge and literacy in health matters.

The fifth question asks respondents to subjectively assess their competence in health matters and the treatment of common illnesses. Response options range from good literacy to none: I am highly competent in health issues being a healthcare professional; I am highly competent in health issues being no worse than a health care specialist; I am sufficiently competent in health issues; I am able to advise others; I have some experience and knowledge in health and treatment issues; I am incompetent in health and treatment issues; I have no knowledge at all about health and treatment matters.

The sixth question asks respondents to rate the importance of preventive measures. Ratings are conducted on a 5-point scale, with an additional 0-point rating meaning that the respondent considers the option to be of no importance. To assess their importance, respondents are asked to consider preventive measures related to a healthy lifestyle and preventive medical care: a healthy and balanced diet, vitamin intake, breaking bad habits, maintaining personal hygiene, regular age-appropriate physical activity, maintaining a daily routine and rest, proper sleep, morning exercises, hardening one’s body, season-based vaccinations, regular preventive medical checkups, weight management (trying to lose it if overweight), stress reduction, as well as regular measurements of blood pressure, pulse, blood sugar, and blood cholesterol. This question assesses respondents’ perceptions of the importance of various preventive measures for maintaining their health in a proper condition.

Question (7), evaluating respondents’ assessment of their competence, asks in what cases they consider it necessary to seek help from medical specialists representing conventional scientific medicine. The first four response options refer to varying degrees of illness, from the first symptoms and the lack of response to self-treatment to the emergence of critical situations. The last response option states that respondents will under no circumstances seek medical attention, but rather would prefer treatment from traditional medicine practitioners, homeopaths, and other practitioners of various alternative medicine approaches. Only one response option may be selected.

Environment and information space

The third group of questions assesses respondents’ ability to interact with different people and resources for obtaining necessary health information.

Question (8) assesses respondents’ capability to process and critically interpret health information, focusing on the effect of various factors, trends, and events on their attitudes and health-related behavior. Respondents are also asked to rate the effect of these information resources on a 5-point scale, with an additional 0-point rating meaning that the respondent considers the option to be of no importance. Some response options relate to various methods of public promotion of awareness and information dissemination through various information channels: politicians and government officials, representatives of scientific medicine, TV show hosts and bloggers not associated with medicine, as well as within the education system, in the workplace, through non-governmental organizations, social advertising, and through targeted training. Another group of responses relates to the influence of respondents’ personal attitudes and personal communications: their attitudes toward personal responsibility; the opinions of family, relatives, friends, and immediate circles; their attitude toward the opinions of health professionals when visiting medical institutions, and their attitude toward the opinions of health professionals with whom they are personally acquainted. A third group of responses includes responses related to attitudes toward fashion trends and toward opinions of representatives of religious institutions, and astrologers.

Question (9) continues the topic of respondents’ attitudes toward information sources, asking respondents to rate the importance of the information sources they rely on when health-related questions arise (attitude toward a healthy lifestyle, self-treatment without consulting a doctor, etc.). Respondents are also asked to rate these information sources on a 5-point scale, with an additional 0-point rating meaning that the respondent considers the option to be of no importance. Information sources include respondents’ personal communications (parents, other relatives representing an older generation, spouses, siblings, children, friends, neighbors, coworkers/classmates, acquaintances working as health professionals, pharmacy staff, pharmacists, doctor’s recommendations received previously when visiting a medical facility, recommendations received through promotion within the corporate culture of the professional environment, along with recommendations from traditional healers), specialized reference materials available in print or in electronic form (medical reference books, reference resources, forums, popular science programs on the internet and TV, internet blogs, medicinal drug advertising), various methods of indirect influence (statements by politicians or cultural figures, contemporary art such as cinema and music, knowledge obtained through education), and personal experience.

The next question (10) includes household traditions that have both a positive and negative impact on human health. Respondents are asked to indicate which family members (spouse, parents, siblings, children, grandparents, or the respondent per se) adhere to these traditions. Response options include practices and activities that promote health (body hardening, cycling together, skating or skiing together, regular hikes, morning exercises, personal hygiene, not eating several hours before bedtime) and those that do not (observing religious fasts, sharing alcoholic beverages, going to bed late and waking up late, watching TV for long periods, regular consumption of fast food and carbonated drinks, and regular ordering of prepared foods such as pizza, rolls, etc.). The inclusion of the ‘observing religious fasts’ response option allows to evaluate the impact of this practice on health (the latter may be ambiguous). This response also helps clarify the respondent’s degree of religiosity.

Trust

To determine the extent to which respondents trust various medical fields and the relevant specialists and institutions, our questionnaire includes question (11). It also requires a 5-point scale rating, with an additional 0-point rating meaning that the respondent considers the option to be completely irrelevant. Responses refer to two types of official scientific medicine (public and private medical centers), traditional medicine (with and without the help of specialists), homeopathy, Eastern medicine, various practices of alternative medicine (naturopathy, osteopathy, sauna treatment, acupuncture), shamanic healing rituals, help from a psychic, and yoga.

One of the manifestations of attitudes toward health professionals is low trust in them, resulting in people with illnesses preferring to self-medicate. However, self-medication may also be driven by objective circumstances related to the lack of access to (or difficulties in obtaining) quality medical care. In this regard, Question 12 asks respondents to rate the importance of the reasons why they would prefer to treat themselves without consulting a doctor. Respondents are also asked to rate these factors on a 5-point scale, with an additional 0-point rating meaning that the respondent believes this option is not the cause. Some of the options include answers that clarify the extent of trust in external healing specialists (I do not trust contemporary medicine in general (as a system of scientific knowledge and practices); Traditional medicine allows resolving health issues more effectively than official scientific medicine; I do not trust doctors; I am afraid of them; contacting them is pointless and useless (low competence of doctors)) and trust in their own experience (I know everything about my disease, I am treated according to a well-known algorithm; Self-treatment was practiced by my parents and I continue this practice; I am a doctor myself, there are doctors in my family, I rarely get sick and the course of the disease is mild; hence, I am able to treat myself). Another part of the answer options includes objective circumstances (The necessary specialists are unavailable; There is no clinic or hospital at my place of residence/It is too far to get to them; Bad, low-quality healthcare (it is difficult to get an appointment with a doctor because of long queues)).

Civic stance

Two more questions were included in the questionnaire to assess overall attitudes of the respondents toward the possibility of using policy instruments to address behavioral health risk factors.

Question 13 addresses the issue of whether health promotion (healthy lifestyles, health literacy, and responsibility toward own health) should be part of state ideology and national purpose. Respondents are offered both affirmative (Health promotion is a necessary condition for preserving the population and the state; Health promotion is appropriate as an additional component) and negative responses (The health of individual country residents plays a secondary role in the context of more important national issues; Health issues in the state ideology can lead to interference of the state in the personal lives of country nationals, which can result in the infringement of their civil rights).

The final question (14) of the main section asks respondents to agree with one of the statements regarding the understanding of health as a personal, societal, or state value, and, accordingly, the state’s ability to intervene in this sphere: Being healthy is a country national’s moral duty to society; The obligation to be healthy should be specified in legislation, for the violation of which the country national should be held responsible; Health pertains exclusively to a country national’s private sphere; each individual can treat it ad lib.

Social characteristics of respondents

Questions related to social characteristics are placed at the end of the questionnaire to focus participants’ attention on the main sections of the questionnaire. Social characteristics include the traditional group of questions regarding age (open-ended, with the respondent indicating his or her full age) (question 15), gender (question 16), type of settlement (question 17), education level (question 18), and marital status (question 19).

Question 17 on the type of settlement requires not only the choice of the settlement in which respondents currently reside [megapolis or metropolis (over 1 million people), large city (100,000 to 1 million people), medium-sized city (50,000 to 100,000 people), small town (up to 50,000 people), large rural settlement (over 1,000 people), and medium or small rural settlement (up to 1,000 people)], but also the type of settlement where they graduated from the 9th grade. This clarification is due to the fact that while people may temporarily or permanently change their place of residence to obtain higher education or later in their life, many cultural characteristics and traditions remain characteristic of the place where they spent their childhood and adolescence.

Question 18 regarding educational level lists the levels of education available in Russia as answer options. If the survey is conducted in another country, these may be replaced with the educational levels relevant to that country.

Question 19 on marital status asks respondents to indicate not only whether they are married or single, but also whether they live with close relatives.

Question 20 on the industry, field of employment, or organization in which the respondent works provides an extensive list of options, allowing the respondent to select the most appropriate one. This is important when studying the SHC, since professional and corporate culture can have a significant (both positive and negative) impact on people’s attitudes toward their health.

Question 21 relates to financial resources of the survey participants’ families. This information is also crucial for understanding people’s attitudes toward health, medical institutions, and specialists and can largely correlate with their health literacy and trust in medicine and healthcare institutions.

Religion is also an important cultural factor that can shape health-related attitudes and behaviors. Therefore, it is given attention among other social characteristics. Question 22 aims to determine the survey participant’s general attitude toward religion, while question 23, if previous question was answered affirmatively, asks the respondent to specify their religion.

The questionnaire concludes with question 24 about the respondent’s country of residence. If Russia is the country of residence, the next question asks respondents to select their federal district of permanent residence. If the questionnaire is translated and conducted in other countries, these questions may be adjusted to reflect the administrative territorial division of the country or other criteria that allow for distinguishing distinct territories.

Ethical considerations

The study protocol, including patient information and consent forms, was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine (protocol # 8 of December 11, 2024).

Statistical processing of the data

The results should be processed using SPSS IBM Statistics (correlation and factor analysis). The survey results will be analyzed for the entire sample of respondents and for subgroups defined by region, gender, professional background, religious affiliation, and other possible criteria.

Discussion

The approach underlying the SHC study is based on semiotic understanding of culture, emphasizing the various multidirectional informational and communicative processes present in the lives of every person from his or her birth and shaping his or her views on the surrounding reality. It should be noted that the influence of cultural factors on people’s health behavior has been noted by many researchers [6-12], including those using the framework approach of the PEN-3 cultural model [13, 14].

The SHC study presumes a large-scale participation rate, which allows for the identification of general trends across regions and the entire country. While similar approaches to determining the impact of cultural context (e.g., the PEN-3 cultural model [13, 15]) focus on collecting qualitative data (primary methods include focus groups and interviews) and, accordingly, have small target audiences, the SHC study results in the large-scale collection of quantitative data and covers a wide range of target audiences, thereby enabling cross-sectional data collection at a national level. Furthermore, the questions presented in the questionnaire can be easily reformulated for interviews and other methods employed for working with smaller target audiences.

The results of our study can be used to develop tools for interaction between government agencies, relevant departments, and non-governmental organizations with citizens in various activities aimed at reducing behavioral health risk factors. Furthermore, the study results can be used in developing strategies for responsible self-medication and improving patient compliance.

Further studies are planned for other age, socioprofessional, and ethnic groups.

Conclusion

The results of this study are capable of providing information, which is essential for creating conditions and programs aimed at reducing behavioral risk factors and, accordingly, maintaining and improving the health and quality of life in citizens. Understanding the socioprofessional and ethnocultural characteristics of citizens can improve the effectiveness of preventive interventions and educational events intended for promoting the value of health and a sense of personal responsibility for their own health and the health of their loved ones.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to all participants of the SHC study.

Funding

The SHC study received no external funding and was carried out using the funds of the participating organizations.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

AI statement

The authors declare that no generative AI or AI-assisted technologies were used in the preparation of this manuscript.

12. Rate the importance of the reasons why you would prefer to treat yourself without seeking advice from doctors (0 – this option is not applicable, 1 – minimum importance, 5 – maximum importance)

13. Do you think that health promotion (healthy lifestyle, literacy in terms of health knowledge and responsibility regarding health issues) should be part of the nationwide ideology and national idea? (one answer option only)

• Yes, I consider this a mandatory condition for preserving the population and the State
• Yes, it would be appropriate as an additional component
• No, the health of individual country residents plays a secondary role in the context of more important national issues
• No, because health issues in the State ideology can lead to interference of the State in the personal lives of country nationals, which can result in the infringement of their civil rights

14. Which statement do you agree with most? (one answer option only)

• Being healthy is a country national’s moral duty to society
• The obligation to be healthy should be specified in legislation, for the violation of which the country national should be held responsible
• Health pertains exclusively to a country national’s private sphere; each individual can treat it ad lib

15. Specify your age (full years)

_______________

16. Specify your gender

• M
• F

17. Specify the type of the settlement where you reside(d)

18. Specify your education level (one answer option only: the highest degree you were awarded)

• Incomplete secondary education
• Secondary education (high school)
• Vocational education (community college)
• Higher education (5-year degree)
• Higher education (Bachelor’s degree)
• Master’s degree
• PhD/doctorate degree

19. Specify your marital status (one answer option only)

• I am not married and live with parents
• I am not married and live with roommates / friends
• I am not married and live by myself
• I am married without children
• I am married with children

20. Specify your field of study or industry, to which the organization you work for relate (If you are not currently working or studying, indicate your previous field of study) (one answer option only)

• Industry (including mining, manufacturing, energy-producing)
• Agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing and fish farming
• Construction
• Housing and public utilities
• Education, science
• Health care
• Social services, social security
• Culture, arts, sports
• Recreation and entertainment, tourism
• State and municipal administration, including courts
• Law enforcement, security, national guard, military
• Mass media (including journalism, blogging, advertising, social media marketing)
• Information technology, communication technology, the internet
• Trade (wholesale, retail, online sales, real estate)
• Finances, insurance, banking
• Transportation and warehousing
• Catering, restaurant business, hotel business
• Various services, including household services

21. Choose the statement most accurately describing financial capabilities of your family (one answer option only)

• We are unable to provide for the essential necessities (food, clothing, inexpensive medical treatment)
• We can buy all essentials but not expensive consumer durables (household appliances, electronics, etc.)
• We can buy expensive consumer durables occasionally
• We can buy consumer durables but not a house, an apartment, or an expensive car
• We can buy a house, an apartment, or an expensive car

22. Specify your attitude toward spirituality and religion (one answer option only)

• I am a believer and I observe religious rituals
• I am a believer, but I do not observe religious rituals
• I am not sure whether I am a believer or not
• I do not care
• I am not a believer, but I respect the feelings of those who are
• I think that religion should be fought
• I find it difficult to answer

23. If you have marked items 1-3 answering the previous question, please specify what religion you belong to (one answer option only)

• I am Orthodox Christian
• I am Muslim
• I am Catholic
• I am Protestant
• I am Buddhist
• I am Judaist
• I am Krishnaist
• I am a proponent of the Eastern religion
• I am a proponent of the traditional religion of my ancestors; I worship the gods and forces of nature
• I believe in God (in a higher power), but I am not a proponent of a specific religion

24. Specify your country where you live

___________

Thank you for participating in the survey!

Appendix 2.

Russian version of the questionnaire

Уважаемый участник опроса!

Приглашаем Вас принять участие в исследовании «Мировоззренческие установки в отношении сферы здоровья – социокультурный код здоровья».

Исследование проводит ФГБУ «НМИЦ Терапии и профилактической медицины» Минздрава России. Результаты данного исследования необходимы для создания условий и программ, направленных на сохранение и улучшения здоровья и качества жизни молодежи. Просим Вас внимательно прочитать каждый вопрос и отметить варианты ответов, соответствующие Вашему мнению.

Опрос носит анонимный характер, все полученные данные будут использоваться только в обобщенном виде и только в интересах науки.

При прохождении опроса выбирайте наиболее полно характеризующие Вас варианты ответов, обратите внимание на количество возможных ответов, которое указано к вопросам. В вопросах, где предусмотрена балльная оценка, Вы можете использовать все цифры от 0 до 5.

Благодарим Вас за согласие принять участие в нашем исследовании!

1. Задумываетесь ли Вы о состоянии своего здоровья и о том, каким оно будет в будущем? (не более трех вариантов ответа)

• Нет, от меня все равно ничего не зависит
• Нет, мне еще рано об этом задумываться
• Да, задумываюсь о текущем состоянии здоровья, но не испытываю проблем со здоровьем
• Да, испытываю переживания по поводу текущего состояния своего здоровья, хотя хронически заболеваний не имею/ на учете у врача по заболеванию не состою
• Да, испытываю переживания по поводу текущего состояния своего здоровья, так как имею хронические заболевания / состою на учете у врача
• Да, задумываюсь, каким оно будет уже в ближайшие несколько лет
• Да, задумываюсь, каким оно будет через 5-10 лет
• Да, задумываюсь каким оно будет через 10-20 лет
• Задумываюсь каким оно будет у меня в старости

2. Как Вы относитесь к суждению, что здоровье предопределенно свыше (судьбой) или обусловлено внешними обстоятельствами и нет смысла что-либо предпринимать по его сохранению? (один вариант ответа)

• Согласен, что здоровье предопределено, так как являюсь религиозным человеком
• Согласен, что здоровье предопределено, так как верю в судьбу, хотя и не отношу себя к верующим людям
• Согласен, считаю, что здоровье предопределено природными и биологическими условиями (экология, климат, наследственность)
• Отчасти согласен, но считаю, что и от действий самого человека многое зависит
• Не согласен, считаю, что здоровье человека во многом зависит от его действий по его сохранению

3. Укажите приемлемые для Вас (хотя и сопровождающиеся вероятностным риском для Вашего здоровья) способы красиво и эффектно выглядеть в глазах окружающих, следовать модным тенденциям (несколько вариантов ответа)

• Отказ от ношения головного убора, использование недостаточно теплой одежды или обуви в холодное время года
• Использование неудобной, тесной, но красивой обуви,
• Использование обуви на высоких каблуках
• Использование специальных диет для очень быстрого сброса веса, (например, предполагающие голодание)
• Активные тренировки для быстрого набора целевой мышечной массы в короткие сроки
• Использование предметов гардероба с заниженной талией, оставляющих открытой область поясницы
• Ношение больших сумок с нагрузкой на одно плечо
• Обильное нанесение косметики
• Обращение к инвазивной косметологии – процедурам и манипуляциям, во время которых нарушается целостность кожи и слизистых оболочек (пластическая хирургия, различные инъекции (ботокс, мезотерапия), биоревитализация, использование некоторых видов лазера)
• Коррекция фигуры с применением пластической хирургии
• Нанесение татуировок
• Курение сигарет или употребление алкоголя для придания своему образу дополнительной привлекательности

4. Заболевание человека нередко создает различные неудобства его близким – членам семьи, близким друзьям и т.д. Если бы Вы знали, что Ваше отношении к своему здоровью может негативно сказаться на Ваших близких, смогли бы Вы его изменить? (несколько вариантов ответа)

• Нет
• Да, смог бы отказаться от вредных привычек (употребление алкоголя, курение и т.п.)
• Да, смог бы изменить рацион питания
• Да, смог бы изменить режим сна и распорядок дня
• Да, смог бы изменить отношение к физической активности, занятиям физкультурой
• Да, смог бы отказаться от деятельности (в том числе работы), сопряженной с высоким уровнем стресса
• Да, смог бы придерживаться правил и техники безопасности на работе, отдыхе и в быту

5. Оцените степень своей компетентности в вопросах здоровья и лечения несложных заболеваний (один вариант ответа)

• Хорошо разбираюсь в вопросах здоровья, являюсь профессиональным медицинским работником
• Хорошо разбираюсь в вопросах здоровья, не хуже профильных медицинских работников
• Достаточно разбираюсь в вопросах здоровья, могу давать советы
• Имею некоторый опыт и знания в отдельных вопросах здоровья и лечения
• Обладаю недостаточным уровнем знаний в вопросах здоровья и лечения
• Совсем не разбираюсь в вопросах здоровья и лечения
• Затрудняюсь ответить

6. Оцените, насколько, по Вашему мнению, важны следующие меры профилактики для сохранения своего здоровья (0 – данный вариант не имеет значения, 1 – минимальное значение, 5 – максимальное)

7. В каких случаях Вы считаете необходимым обращаться за помощью к медицинским специалистам? (один вариант ответа)

• При первых симптомах заболевания
• при отсутствии эффекта от самостоятельного лечения в течение нескольких дней
• при отсутствии эффекта от самостоятельного лечения в течение продолжительного времени (более 5 дней)
• только в критических ситуациях, требующих немедленного вмешательства врачей
• в медицинские учреждения лучше не обращаться, а обратиться сразу к специалистам народной медицины / гомеопатам и т.п.

8. Оцените от 0 до 5 баллов влияние на Ваше отношение и поведение по сохранению своего здоровья (где 0 – данный вариант не имеет значения, 1 – минимальное влияние, 5 – максимальное влияние) следующие факторы, действия, мероприятия:

9. Оцените значимость для Вас перечисленных источников информации, на которые Вы ориентируетесь в тех случаях, когда возникают вопросы о здоровье (отношение к здоровому образу жизни, самостоятельное лечение без обращения к врачам и т.п.) (0 – данный вариант не имеет для меня значения, никогда к нему не приходилось обращаться, 1 – минимальное значение, 5 – максимальное)

10. Каких из перечисленных бытовых традиций придерживаетесь Вы и члены Вашей семьи (при отсутствии кого-либо ответы в столбце не отмечаются)

11. Оцените, насколько Вы доверяете различным направлениям медицины и соответствующим специалистам или учреждениям (0 – не доверяю совсем, 1 – минимальное доверие, 5 – максимальное доверие)

12. Оцените степень важности для Вас причин, из-за которых Вы предпочли бы лечиться самостоятельно, не обращаясь к врачам (0 – данный вариант не является для меня причиной, 1 – минимальное значение, 5 – максимальное)

13. Как Вы считаете, должна ли быть пропаганда здоровья (здорового образа жизни, грамотности и ответственности в вопросах здоровья) частью государственной идеологии, национальной идеи? (один вариант ответа)

• Да, считаю это обязательным условием сохранения населения и государства
• Да, это было бы уместно в качестве дополнительного компонента
• Нет, здоровье отдельных граждан играет второстепенную роль в контексте более важных национальных вопросов
• Нет, так как компоненты здоровья в государственной идеологии могут привести к вмешательству государства в личную сферу жизни граждан, что может привести к ущемлению их гражданских прав

14. С каким высказыванием Вы бы согласны в большей степени? (один вариант ответа)

Быть здоровым это моральная обязанность гражданина перед обществом

Обязанность быть здоровым должна быть прописана в законах, за нарушение которых гражданин должен нести ответственность

Здоровье относится исключительно к личной сфере человека, он может относиться к нему как он хочет

15. Укажите Ваш возраст (сколько полных лет)

_______________

16. Укажите Ваш пол

• М
• Ж

17. Укажите тип населенного пункта,

18. Укажите уровень Вашего образования (один вариант ответа)

• Среднее неполное образование
• Среднее
• Среднее специальное
• Высшее специалитет
• Высшее бакалавриат
• Высшее магистратура
• Высшее с ученой степенью

19. Укажите Ваше семейное положение (один вариант ответа)

• Не состою в браке, живу с родителями
• Не состою в браке, живу с знакомыми / друзьями
• Не состою в браке, живу один/одна
• Состою в браке, детей нет
• Состою в браке, есть дети

20. Укажите, к какой отрасли, сфере деятельности относится направление вашего обучения или организация, в которой Вы работаете? (Если в настоящее время не работаете и не учитесь, укажите сферу, к которой относится Ваше образование) (один вариант ответа)

• Промышленность, производство (в т.ч. добывающие, обрабатывающие отрасли, энергетика)
• Сельское, лесное хозяйство, охота, рыболовство и рыбоводство
• Строительство
• Жилищно-коммунальное хозяйство
• Образование, наука
• Здравоохранение
• Социальные услуги, социальное обеспечение
• Культура, искусство, спорт
• Сфера отдыха и развлечений, туризм
• Государственное и муниципальное управление, в т.ч. – судебные органы
• Правоохранительные органы, силовые структуры, МЧС, военная служба
• Средства массовой информации (в т.ч. журналистика, блогерство, реклама, СММ)
• Информационные технологии, связь, интернет
• Торговля (оптовая, розничная, онлайн продажи; в т.ч. – недвижимость)
• Финансовая и страховая деятельность, банковские услуги
• Транспортировка и хранение (складское хозяйство)
• Общественное питание, ресторанный и гостиничный бизнес
• Сфера услуг, сервиса, бытового обслуживания

21. Выберите высказывание, которое наиболее точно описывает финансовые возможности Вашей семьи (один вариант ответа)

• Нам не хватает даже на самое необходимое (пищу, необходимую одежду, недорогое лечение)              
• Мы можем приобретать все самое необходимое, но не можем покупать дорогие товары длительного пользования (бытовая техника, электроника и др.)
• Время от времени мы можем приобретать дорогие товары длительного пользования
• Мы можем приобретать товары длительного пользования, но не можем приобрести такие вещи как квартиру, дом, или дорогой автомобиль
• Мы способны покупать такие вещи, как дом, квартиру или дорогой автомобиль

22. Каково Ваше отношение к религии? (один вариант ответа)

• Верующий и соблюдаю религиозные обряды
• Верующий, но не соблюдаю религиозные обряды
• Колеблюсь
• Мне все равно
• Не верующий, но уважаю чувства тех, кто верует
• Думаю, что с религией надо бороться
• Затрудняюсь ответить

23. Если в предыдущем вопросе Вы отметили п.п. 1-3, то уточните, к какой религии Вы принадлежите? (один вариант ответа)

• Исповедую православие
• Исповедую ислам
• Исповедую католицизм
• Исповедую протестантизм
• Исповедую буддизм
• Исповедую иудаизм
• Исповедую кришнаизм
• Исповедую восточную религию
• Исповедую традиционную религию своих предков, поклоняюсь богам и силам природы
• Верю в Бога (в высшую силу), но конкретную религию не исповедую

24. Укажите страну, в которой Вы проживаете

• Россия
• Другая ____________

25. Укажите Федеральный округ, в котором Вы постоянно проживаете (один вариант ответа)

• Центральный
• Северо-Западный
• Южный
• Северо-Кавказский
• Приволжский
• Уральский
• Сибирский
• Дальневосточный

Благодарим Вас за участие в опросе!